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Petroleum products

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2024-10-22 13:51

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Petroleum products

Based on the principal characteristics of petroleum products, GB 498-87, the General Classification of Petroleum Products and Lubricants, classifies petroleum products into: The six major categories are: fuels (F), solvents and chemical raw materials (S), lubricants and related products (L), waxes and wax products (W), bitumen (B), and coke (C); the letters in parentheses denote the category codes. Fuel accounts for approximately 80% of petroleum products, with motor fuels making up 60% of that share. Lubricants account for the largest variety of products, with their production volume representing approximately 5%. Each country has established product standards to meet the needs of production and use.

Gasoline: by Petroleum fractionation It may also be produced via heavy‑fraction cracking and reforming. In China, gasoline production is primarily based on catalytic cracking, supplemented by processes such as catalytic reforming, alkylation, and etherification. Gasoline is classified by its octane rating (RON) into grades 90, 93, 95, and 97. Depending on its application, it is divided into three main categories: aviation gasoline, motor gasoline, and solvent gasoline.

Kerosene: Aviation kerosene is primarily used as jet fuel, and today all large passenger aircraft rely on it. Aviation kerosene is classified into three grades—No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3—with only No. 3 aviation kerosene seeing widespread use.

Diesel: It is primarily formulated from diesel fractions produced through processes such as crude oil distillation, catalytic cracking, thermal cracking, hydrocracking, and petroleum coking, and is widely used in heavy-duty vehicles, railway locomotives, and marine vessels. Light diesel fuel—used as fuel for high-speed diesel engines operating at 1,000 r/min or above—is classified by quality into three grades: premium, first‑class, and standard; and by pour point into six grades: No. 10, No. 0, No. –10, No. –20, No. –35, and No. –50. For example, No. 10 light diesel indicates a pour point not exceeding 10°C, with similar designations applying to the other grades. Depending on ambient temperature, region, and season, an appropriate grade of light diesel should be selected: lower‑temperature conditions call for a lower‑pour‑point grade, while higher temperatures require a higher‑pour‑point grade. Heavy diesel fuel—intended for medium- and low-speed diesel engines operating below 1,000 r/min—is typically categorized by pour point into three grades: No. 10, No. 20, and No. 30; the lower the engine speed, the higher the pour point of the heavy diesel required.

Fuel oil: Fuel oil grades are primarily classified based on kinematic viscosity, with the common unit being centistokes. For example, if a fuel oil has a kinematic viscosity of 380 cSt, it is designated as No. 380 fuel oil. Depending on sulfur content, fuel oils can be categorized into high-sulfur and low-sulfur types; they may also be divided into bonded fuel oil and domestic‑trade fuel oil. In China, domestic‑trade fuel oil is mainly used for marine applications, refinery processing, and power generation, while bonded fuel oil is primarily consumed for bunkering foreign‑flagged vessels and for tax‑paid refinery processing.

Liquefied petroleum gas: Liquefied Petroleum Gas, abbreviated as LPG It is a mixture of propane and butane, typically containing small amounts of propylene and butylene. It should be distinguished from liquefied natural gas (LNG); liquefied petroleum gas is primarily used for combustion and as a feedstock for advanced chemical processing, accounting for 49% and 47%, respectively.

Naphtha: Also known as chemical light oil or crude gasoline, it is a light petroleum fraction produced from crude oil or other feedstocks for use as a chemical feedstock. It is primarily employed in the chemical industry—for example, in catalytic reforming to produce benzene, toluene, and xylene, and in steam cracking to yield ethylene. Globally, the main sources of naphtha exports are the Middle East, followed by the Commonwealth of Independent States and Europe and North America, while the Asia-Pacific region accounts for the overwhelming majority of demand.

Petroleum asphalt: It is a residue obtained after crude oil distillation, which, following appropriate processing, yields various products. By application, it is classified into road asphalt, construction asphalt, waterproof and moisture‑proof asphalt, as well as a range of specialty asphalts named according to their intended use or function; by production method, it includes straight‑run asphalt, solvent‑deoilized asphalt, oxidized asphalt, blended asphalt, emulsified asphalt, and modified asphalt; and by physical form, it comprises liquid asphalt, solid asphalt, diluents, emulsions, and modified formulations.

Oil blending products: One of its key applications is as an additive in refined petroleum products, where it boosts the octane rating—the numerical measure of a gasoline’s resistance to detonation in the engine—before being burned as part of the fuel. By adjusting its blending ratio, it enables the production of various grades of finished fuels. Among refinery products, benzene, toluene, xylene, and MTBE are classified as blending components.

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